Food Preservation Essay

Men have preserved their foods from ancient times in order to keep the results of harvesting for winter months, for resale, for storage, and for transporting from sea to inland, overseas, or cross-country. To do so, they generally used nature’s methods, which are drying, parching and fermenting. Parching is the most natural method, but for many thousands of years, others have also been used. Direct fermentation of liquids, usually by the introduction of yeast, has not only preserved liquids but also enhanced their quality, the same of course applying to salting. Smoking has preserved, and sometimes improved both fish and meat. Hickory wood is generally used for the fires, and natural juices are contained by a slight coating of wood creosote. It was not until recently that the causes of rottenness were understood, these being the reactions of bacteria, molds, yeasts and micro-organisms. Some fermentation and molds are, of course, necessary in the production of food and drink; molds, for example, being used in cheese-making. But the real ‘breakthrough’ in preservation against the causes of rottenness came, when it was learnt how to deal with the micro-organisms present in all foods and drinks, and which react chemically over a period to produce unpalatable or poisonous food or drink. There are three basic methods. Firstly, food may be preserved by cooling or freezing, to a very low temperature when long-term preservation is required. This was originally done by packing in a mixture of salt and ice; today, cold storage is big business and refrigeration is a highly-developed science. ‘Dehydration’ may be bracketed with this method, as the principle involved is the same, namely to suspend the operation of bacteria which requires normal temperatures for chemical reaction. This is why reconstituted eggs cannot against dehydrated, and melted ice-cream refrozen. The second method of destruction is by heat-processes, which destroy all the bacteria present in food and drink. This process is used before canning foods in hermetically-sealed containers, great care being taken not to allow the foods or drink s to become re-infested after cooling and before canning. The third method is to preserve by the addition of chemicals, which control or destroy bacteria. This is merely a follow-up of the old systems of salting, smoking and candling. Eventually, the method of ‘cold sterilization’ is expected to supersede most of the others; this amounts to exposing the food-stuffs to ionizing radiation. Today more than mere food-preservation is sought by the consumer, and for this reason, processes are becoming more and more sophisticated. Quality, economy and convenience are sought by modern man — especially modern woman — convenience is important, the ‘ready-cooked’ meal is popular, while, in Western, or ‘Westernized’ communities, goods do not sell easily if they lack color, a good appearance, natural flavor, the right texture, and are free from defects.

Spirometry Report Essay

Use your PowerPoint notes, lab book, text book, your data, and the Internet to answer the following questions. All reports must be typed and stapled. All reports must be in your own words. One student from each group should include the LabTutor-generated data tables and/or graphs. Exercise 1: Pulmonary function tests Respiratory parameterUnitsExperimental ValuePredicted Value* BPM14 TVL0.490L IRVL1.984L ERVL0.905L RVL1.45L   1. What is the residual volume and why is it important to normal respiratory function? – Residual volume is the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of forced expiration – It is important to normal respiratory function because it helps to keep the alveoli patent (open) and prevent lung collapse. It decreases the efficiency of gas exchange by diluting the oxygen of the inspired air. 2. Briefly describe Spirometry. – Spirometry is the most common of the pulmonary function tests, measuring lung function, specifically the volume and the flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. – Spirometry is the most useful for evaluating losses in respiration function and for following the course of certain respiratory disease. 3. Explain why the residual volume cannot be determined by Spirometry. -Because pirometry can only measure how much air is moving out of or into the lungs, not how much is contained at a particular time. 4. You are a Nurse working a 19:00 to 07:00 shift. There are no attending physicians on your service and all the residents are sleeping. One of your patients is demonstrating signs of dyspnea. You call the respiratory service and an RT responds and conducts a PFT (Spirometry)  series on your patient. There is a â€Å"malfunction† with the equipment and the RT tells you that you can only have â€Å"one value†!! Which value do you choose and why? (3 pt). -I choose value the TV â€Å"Tidal volume†, because I would like to know the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with breath under resting conditions of the patients. Exercises 2 & 3: Pulmonary Function Tests: Compare the respiratory parameters between normal and simulated obstruction. Recall, we simulated an obstructive pulmonary disorder by covering the tube with duct tape and cutting an opening in it about the size of a pen’s diameter. Using the Horizontal Compression controls and the scroll bar, display the data for both normal pulmonary function tests (Exercise 2) and the simulated restricted airway (Exercise 3) for inclusion in your report. Normal: Respiratory parameterExperimentalPredicted FVC3.392L PIF214.55L/min PEF237.09L/min FEV12.438L FEV1/FVC71.88% Simulated Airway Restiction: Respiratory parameterExperimentalPredicted FVC2.101L PIF24.04L/min PEF26.24L/min FEV10.188L FEV1/FVC8.95% Study Questions 5.There are two major categories that lung diseases fall into: Obstructive and Restrictive. Construct a small table for each lung condition (obstructive or restrictive) and predict what spirometry parameters that we measured in lab would most likely be decreased, which parameters would most  likely be unchanged, and which parameters (if any) might be increased. (3 pt). ObstructiveRestrictive FVCnormal or minimally decreased decrease PIF PEF FEV1decreasenormal or minimally decreased FEV1/FVCdecreaseNormal or increase TLCNormal or increasedecrease 6. Explain the pathologies of Obstructive and Restrictive pulmonary diseases. Include in your discussion why these pathologies result in the signs and symptoms of each disease class. Also name at least two conditions associated with each major pulmonary disease class (i.e. Chronic Bronchitis-Obstructive) (3 pt). – Obstructive pulmonary diseases have shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. Because of damage to the lungs or narrowing of the airways inside the lungs, exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal. At the end of a full exhalation, an abnormally high amount of air may still linger in the lungs. * Two conditions associated with obstructive pulmonary diseases are: a) Asthma b) COPD which include the emphysema and chronic bronchitis. – Restrictive pulmonary diseases cannot fully fill their lungs with air. The lungs are restricted from fully expanding. * Two conditions associated with restrictive pulmonary diseases are: a) Pneumonia: b) Scoliosis 7. Describe the physiology of the FEV1/FVC ratio and what is the clinical significance of an abnormal ratio? DO NOT provide the definition of the ratio (3 pt). – The significance is that it describes the effectiveness of how well an individuals lungs can turn over its total volume in 1 second. – The clinical significance of an abnormal ratio is 8. What values have been affected by simulated airway restriction? FVC 9. Are these values the ones you would expect to be altered in â€Å"real† restrictive pulmonary disease? Why or why not? (2 pt). Yes. Because we would expect to know the value of the airflow is constantly decreasing, if it was restrictive the volumes and capacities would have been affected more than what it was. 10. Based on how the subject felt during this lab exercise, what â€Å"coaching† would you give to a patient having an asthma attack in an attempt to get them to move more air. Refer to your Physiology of Breathing lecture notes. This is one of the few times I want to see a direct reference (3 pt). – Using the quick relief inhaler (like the albuterol) as prescribed using a spacer, if it is available. * Shake inhaler, exhale, release one puff, inhale, hold breath for 10 seconds, exhale and wait 1 minute. Repeat till at directed dose. * Inhale slowly and deeply when using a spacer. – If the patients have no inhaler, keep the patients calm and encourage breath slowly. Let the patients sit up and breath in slowly through the nose and out through purse slip.

Living at Home and Living Away from Home

Nowadays, most students study at a university after graduating from high school. Due to the distance between their hometowns and colleges, a few students live with their family while many others live far away from home, and the most of them think about living away from home as the best part in their lives because they will have more freedom and that can be really exciting for them. However, they do not realize that living at home has more benefits compared to living away from home. Firstly, I prefer living at home, because students who are living at home can enjoy better living conditions than ones living far from home. As home is the whole family’s place, it is normally large and well-equipped with many electric devices. Also, the work required to keep a home clean tends to go unnoticed when the mother does it. Clean floors, tidy rooms, and fresh laundry tend to be taken for granted. Even though the average teenager may help around the house one of the parents tends to do most of the housework. The floor is always clean, the rooms are always tidy, and laundry is never less than fresh and neatly folded. In addition, students are provided with fresh, nutritious food. On the contrary, dormitory or a rented house are usually small with poor facilities. For example, many students living in a cramped rented house have to use one small space for cooking, eating, learning and sleeping. Also the laundry will pile high and become a daunting task for them to achieve. The back door step will be dirty, and the rooms will become cluttered. Owing to busy learning, students may skip their meals or eat fast food, which badly influences their health. Secondly, living at home differs from living far away in that it helps students avoid financial problems. Living at home, students have the telephone bills, electricity bills and other daily expenses paid by their parents. Also living at home with parents makes bills appear as some fictional scary story. The most a students usually pays for is a car to drive, and a few other luxuries. The parents pay for the water left dripping, the gas burnt by the stove, and the power consumed by the light left on. Students living at home will never even notice any of these expenses. In contrast students living far from home have to pay all those things on their own with a monthly amount of money. Unlike students who receive parents’ instruction, students who do not live with their family often lack financial managing skills. As a result, they often spend money on unnecessary items and cope with running out of money. Another difference is the emotional aspect that you have to face. Living at home can result less frustrating than living alone because you can share the problems that you have with your parents, siblings or any member of your family in order to look for some solutions to difficult situations that you may face. In contrast, if you live away from home most of the time you are going to be alone, so finding someone who wants to listen your problems can be difficult to get. Your friends are going to be the only people that might help you to solve your problems. However, they are not your relatives and sometimes they are not going to be with you. The fourth difference between living at home and away from home is the environmental issue. Life at home is secure and well known. Furthermore, home is where one has lived their entire life and they are well adapted to the surroundings. On the other hand, the new home can be in a complete different neighborhood or city. Also, it’s not always similar to the home people are used to since the new house is usually smaller, less fancier, and it’s usually located in a less attractive neighborhood than the parents’ home. While the students who choose to leave home may think that it’s not a big deal to confront a decrease in their living status, those that choose to stay home might think that the difference in the environment is a major drawback. Finally, the other obvious difference is that living far from home provides students more independence than living at home. It goes without saying that parents want to take good care of children by setting a wide range of rules for them. Moreover, when you have an important meeting and it is impossible for you get home, you can stay at a friend’s house without problems. Consequently, students living with family have to ask for their parents’ permission if they want to go out or invite friends to their homes. Additionally, parents also control their time spent on using computer and TV. In contrast, students living without parents’ control have more privacy ecause they do not have to obey the strict rules. They can go out whenever they want and freely gather with their friends. Thanks to independent life, they can flexibly spend time on learning, surfing websites or playing games without any complaints. In general, though living at home and living far away from home have some considerable differences, each type has its own advantages and disadvantages to students, and at some moment in life you have to decide between staying at home with your parents as you have always done or starting a new life alone that means being independent. At the moment that you want to make a choice between these two styles of life. You should know that living at home and living away from home has some similarities and some differences that you have to consider before making a decision. Therefore, no matter what kinds of living students choose, they can still enjoy their wonderful life at college.

Short questions about western civilization Assignment

Short questions about western civilization - Assignment Example There came inflation due to scarcity of workers hence no production. 4. i) The war resulted due to dynasty disagreements. William, duke of England despised King of France by not paying homage. The Kingdom of France, and England fort for control of French throne (Bonomi 2003). 5. Fro m military purposes, renaissance era began after dark period elapsed. This gave way to research and discovery in naval ships, new trade routes, and navigation techniques. Press printing assisted a lot. 7. The council aimed at ending the Papal schism in Avignon Papacy. It ended Three-Pope controversy by accepting the resignation of Papal claimants and elected Pope Martin V. It voiced the killing of Jun Hus and ruled out on security matters, and the freedom of pagans (Bonomi 2003). 8. Marsilius of Pauda turned down the godly beginning of papal body. John Wycliffe led a kind of rebellious sect, which preached for biblically centered reforms. He was the morning star of Reformation in influencing secular power. Jan Hus, a Czech reformer, is the initiator of church reformation ahead of Luther and Calvin and a key predecessor to protestant movement in 16th C (Bonomi 2003). 9. The themes included philosophy, literature, and science. Philosophy and literature defined the way of life from logic, to natural, moral, and metaphysics a structure for university education. Science explored the numerous invention milestones, fro machines, geography, chemistry, and mathematics. 16. It came through dialogue among the Protestants and Catholics, and consolidating their own religious identity. The uprising of renaissance again helped to quell the conflicts since drifted to self-actualization (Bonomi

Policy Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy Sciences - Essay Example It was more often that the advisors did not have any 'consideration of intellectual underpinnings, honesty, cumulative knowledge or independent evaluations' of the political and social scenario. There were also no recordings of the decisions and the reasons for such decisions written down. Most of advises, according to DeLeon, remained 'particularistic, ad hoc exercises' taken up when something was needed by the prince or the monarch. Documenting the decisions and supporting ideas were done during the later half of the nineteenth century. Subsequent growth of the policy science was based on the foundations and concepts that stemmed from these days. During and after World War II, there were major upheavals that were taking place all over the world. The concept of the nation state had taken firmer shape in the world and so did the concept of independence or freedom. The political economy and the political science itself underwent major changes in the way decisions were made. ... The advisors had to change their color based on the rising trend in these nation states and those states that were coming up just then. The fight against and for separatism is another major change in the thought process to become an independent state or nation! This was a serious motivator for the change in policy sciences in line with the thoughts that entered the circle. Similarly, the changes in the economic scenario and the rise of the new economic and political power in the form of the United States also meant that the entire political scene has to be reworked. While there are some uprisings that were anti imperialistic and others socialistic, all that it meant was that the advisors had a different role to play4. The social requirements and the needs of the people, had to be reflected to the monarch or to the heads of the government through these advisors or duly elected members of the parliament or governing council. Immediately after the World War II, the impact on the advisory policy took a major turn5. With more stress on economic growth and industrial growth, the rights of the labor and the people became more pronounced. In all the nations, the monarchies gave way to socialistic and democratic systems that took its power from the people. The advisory policy made a complete U turn here and slowly but steadily moved away from the monarchy and the power center shifted to the ministers or the advisory boards. And the major turn in the policy is the twist that could be visibly seen in terms of ethics and humanitarian issues6. Equality of human beings, racial equality and equality of nations were the main thrust of most of the policy advisors in this period of the policy making history. War on Poverty up to late 1970s War on Poverty was again

Presonal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Presonal development - Essay Example Opportunities for study and growth in professional careers are available to all living in the UK. I hope to have an evaluation of myself in context of personal and professional development. I need to have understanding of what positives I have in me that will help me in achieving my goals and what negatives I have that need to be fixed in order to be successful in my personal and professional life. Although personal and professional development plans are important at every phase of life but this is the most important time for me to evaluate myself and develop personal and professional development plan. I served in Abu-Dhabi police for more than 4 years and my experience of working there was so great that I have opted this profession as my career path. My aim is to join the police force after I graduate with the degree of police officer in 2011. Strengths: I feel that one of my key strengths is decision making, it is used throughout life because one has to make smaller or bigger decision during the course of life. It’s very common that before making an important decision, there are clouds of confusion all around. I experienced it making decision of higher studies in the UK. It was a tough decision, as majority of my friends and my relatives were pursuing their higher studies in Abu-Dhabi. I compared all the pros and cons of this situation did a fair bit of risk assessment and finally I was quite sure in my mind that I have made the right choice in the given circumstances. If I look at my career path and my motivation of becoming a Police Office, I feel that this strength of decision-making will help me a lot in my career development and growth. Another key strength I found about myself during self-assessment is of quick learning and adaptability. This strength helped me when I left my native country and came to UK. Learning variety of courses

Cost method Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost method - Research Paper Example It is crucial for managers to comprehend the merits and demerits of the two systems to satisfy the needs of their business operations. The budget presented entails schedules that raise various concerns leading to the recommendation that the company should switch to the activity-based costing system of accounting. The first concern is the quarterly budget that in my opinion requires further subdivision to generate quarters. Mainly, cycling takes place in temperate weather conditions. Buying materials for bicycle production for the start of sales hikes demand therefore, requires the producer to incur a quarter before the demand. Another concern regards accounts that remain uncollectable. The master budget for the company is not specific it its cash budget line. It closely refers to the uncollectable receivables. Variable factors in this context emanate from economic features among them limited sponsorship and thus resulting in wrong accounts (Gazely & Lambert, 2006). From the budget, the company is setting aside a budget for 140 bikes inclusive of labour costs. It is appropriate to cut down on the level of production of extra parts in the inventory. The viability of any business can be measured by how the company effectively utilizes its resources while plummeting unnecessary costs hence Competition Bikes Inc. should strive to avert extra discretionary costs. The method of distributing manufacturing overhead by activity-based costing (ABC) to products is efficient compared to the traditional method of costing. Precisely, activity-based costing assigns the right percentage of resources to particular products. While monitoring and allocating organizational costs to products and objects, activity-based costing remains a more sophisticated and logical method as opposed to the traditional costing system (Bragg, 2001). It is possible to distribute

Lexicography Dictionary Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lexicography Dictionary Criticism - Essay Example approach to define a word and hence it appeals a broader English speaking audience. The division of this polysemous lexeme into geographical usage is particularly helpful for a speaker to make a clear distinction, which is important when either engaged in writing or conversation about a particular context. Both editions provide such a sense division around various English speaking contexts. The COED10 also provides a "characterization of the meaning of the lexeme; it does not give an exhaustive explanation of all possible referents" (Jackson, 2002, p.93). Following random example taken from COED10 elaborates this aspect. offside adj. & adv (in games such as football) occupying a position on the field where playing the ball not allowed, generally through being between the and the opponents goal. n 1 the fact of bring offside (usu. the off side) chiefly Brit. the side of a vehicle furthered from the kerb. Compare with NEARSIDE > the right of a horse. In the above definition, as was the case with other random samples, the definiendum is related to its super ordinate concept (for either sport or vehicle, a position). Another common tactic relied upon in COED9 and COED10 was to add a typifying definition to a synonym one-basically describing what is 'typical' of the referent. An important distinction between COED9 and COED10 is that contrary to COED9, COED10 has employed the concept of fourth definition which explains the use 'of which a word or send of word is put, usually in the grammar of the language' (Jackson. 2002. p. 95). Following random sample taken from COED10 signifies this feature. widow n 1. A woman who has lost her husband bydeath and has not married again. > Humorous a woman whose..."Anyone who has ever read or written a review of a particular dictionary will know that generally agreed criteria and standards for the assessment of quality and performance are still rare, if they can be said to exist at all" (Jackson, 2002, p.173), and same supposedly simple act applies here too.

Moral Intelligence Development Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Moral Intelligence Development Paper - Essay Example Some might argue that we already have an idea of our strengths and weaknesses, identifying our core values, yet we sometimes insist on believing in what we think is right or wrong. To help us identify these uncertainties, Lennick and Kiel created a Moral Competency Inventory (MCI). This is a worksheet with a set of values that will help us identify our strengths and point out our weaknesses to measure our moral competency alignment to give us a better understanding how we behave everyday and reexamine the values that needs improvement. In considering the Moral Competency Inventory in the context of my own there are a number of notable findings. The results indicate my strength is â€Å"admitting mistakes and failures.† This shows that I have the quality of being responsible; this is an important part of a morally intelligent person. According to Lennick and Kiel, â€Å"only a person willing to take responsibility for her actions-and consequences of those actions- will be able to ensure that her actions conform to universal human principles.† I used to be an individual that took life for granted and just road wherever the boat took me. During my teenage years, I ended up in considerable trouble: disregarded the law, dropped school, served time in jail, etc. But when I turned to my early twenties, a wonderful thing happened to my life – my first child was born. Although it took me a year to realize the importance of responsibility, I was able to overcome a lot of obstacles to be where I am right now. I’m currently a full-time student, working, and a single father of a six year old boy. Admitting my mistakes and failures was one of the hardest decisions I made in my life, but it was also one of the most rewarding aspects of my life – maybe that’s why my strength from MCI is â€Å"admitting mistakes and failures.† I was not completely aware of my strengths, but I do believe that I’m capable of

Issue facing texas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issue facing texas - Research Paper Example A part from education, there are some other issues that must also be addressed in Texas. These issues involve poverty, budget and tax payment. These issues have been there for long time but there are current reforms that have been put in place in orders to control these challenges. Education policy (university & colleges) There have been many challenges that are affecting the education sector in Texas. Some have been there for long while others have been caused by the current legislation and the type of education system that have been put in place. One of the major issues facing Texas colleges and university education is the lack of funds for both the students and the schools. The cost of colleges and universities are very high in Texas. This blocks many students from pursuing there postsecondary schools courses. In the past, the cost of colleges was average. Many parents were able to take their children for high education. This dream has been erased by the rise of school fees. Recen tly, college costs have risen at a very high rate. This rise has even exceeded the rate at which inflation goes up. Parents and students now feel they are being exploited by the government due to the rise in school fees. Some cannot afford to pay all the fees and their children are forced to drop out of college. This rise of education fees has been caused by Texas failure to pay taxes. There has been a big hole in Texas budget that has forced the tax payers’ lot money in trying to reduce the budget deficits ("Challenges Facing Career and Technical Education"). This issue of rise in school fees has been dealt with to some extent. There are some policies that have been put in place in order to reduce the rise in school fees. These measures also help parents and students raise enough money for high education. One of the measures that have been put in place includes giving financial aids to the students who are studying in colleges and universities. This aid is made effective by giving loans to the students. These loans are given through private financial institutions or federal government. These institutions include education tax credits, state loans, work-study programs and federal grants. These loans help many students in colleges. Those who are in the two-year community colleges can also benefit from the loans. They will be able to give back to the society after completing college. The loan is also available for those who are going for five years in their high education. Most of the students who are going for four years have high chances of getting these loans as compared to those who are going for two years. This is because the four-year courses are known to cost more money than the two-year courses ("Challenges Facing Career and Technical Education"). From my opinion, this policy of giving financial aid to students is very important. It helps many students whose dreams were to study in colleges and universities. It is also very essential for students who come from poor families. When these students complete their education, they will be able to help the other members of their families. This means that the financial aid important will help the whole society. K-12 Education There many issues that is associated with K-12 education in Texas. Some of the issues are caused by larger number of students in the lower grade schools. This large population in

A Reflective Account of a Teaching Session about Changing a Stoma Essay

A Reflective Account of a Teaching Session about Changing a Stoma - Essay Example It is thus important that on my part, I analyse my approach in teaching to determine its effectiveness, strengths, weaknesses and what I should do to make it better. The best approach to examine my approach to teaching is definitely through the use of Gibb’s reflective cycle as it will enable me to reflect a great deal in using one situation and analyse everything that occurred in it, relating my actions to each result that occurred. Through Gibb’s Reflective Cycle, I will analyse a case in which I taught a patient how to change a stoma. I will first describe the context of the teaching- how I acted and how the patient reacted. According to Jasper (2003) this should be followed by analysing ones feelings in the situation and emotions at the event. One then follows this up with an evaluation of the experience, determining which aspects turned out to be positive and which ones were not, and what failed to go according to plan. After this one needs to critically analyse th e occurrence, establishing a conclusion on the entire experience and ultimately come up with an action plan to follow in case of a similar experience in the future. By the time I am through with this, the teaching experience will be analysed in entirety and the next patient I teach how to change a stoma will have a better experience. The context of the teaching This is the first step of Gibb’s Reflective cycle, where I will analyse what actually happened as I taught the patient how to change the stoma. To begin with, the patient had undergone a surgery to due to a severe case of diverticulitis and was just about to be discharged. I visited her ward as was required of me and undertook to explain to her how from that moment henceforth she would be changing the stoma. The patient was clearly in anxious emotional state due to the surgery she had just undergone, although it had been very successful. As Winston et al (1987) so ably puts it, the pre-operative and post-operative emot ional states of surgery patients is characterised by anxiety, misgivings, depression and irritability. Spielberger (1973) had earlier on suggested that patients usually develop anxiety to surgery as an emotional reaction towards situations that physically threatening, while Furst (1978) demonstrated that patients under surgery usually reported fear, apprehension, worry and uncertainty. All this serve to explain the emotional status of my patient as at the time I was teaching her. I realise that even before I had started, she was in a state that would make it difficult to absorb what I was saying. I first explained briefly to the patient the procedure she had just gone through- the surgery, and a little about diverticulitis and stomas since I assumed she already had been informed. I told her that diverticulitis was a condition arising from inflamed pouches on her large intestines known as diverticula, and also informed her that it was not a rare condition since about 10% of Americans above the age of 40 have diverticula and of these, ten out of twenty five develop diverticulitis (Borgadus, 2006). On the stoma, I told her that it was a surgical bypass of her colon system which had been affected by the diverticulitis and now failed to function properly. I informed her that the colostomy meant that she had to have a bag for receiving fecal matter a single time (Stoma and Stomata, 2009). I could see that she was embarrassed by her condition and the life that she would lead from that henceforth. I then took the patient through the steps of changing a stoma. I used knowledge of the Honey and Mumford teaching and learning style to determine which kind of learner she was. The Honey and Mumford teaching and learning style identifies four distinct preferences of learning styles,

Mercantilism & economic school Essay Example for Free

Mercantilism economic school Essay Mercantilism was a dominant economic school on Europe in XVI-XVIII century. The theory suggests that the global turnover of international trade is constant and the prosperity of a nation depends on the government ability to support a positive balance of trade with other nations. Mercantilism considers economic assets as a set of stock including gold, silver and trade value (bullion). The way for the government to increase the capital is to intervene into economy through the system of tariffs and restrictions aimed on increase of export and decrease of import. There are several basic flaws in mercantilism. The first one is that is assumes that the turnover of international trade is stable. Thus, in case one state constantly benefits and another one constantly misses from trade the trade would very soon stop because the missing state would either become bankrupt or stop trading, leaving the advantageous state without income so both nations would loose. The second gap of mercantilism is that it does not consider costs of trade race. In case nations start to compete in increasing their export and reducing import this will cause them produce even the goods which are cheaper to buy in other countries. So, in case one nation would specialize in producing one commodity and other nation would produce another commodity, they would both benefit from exchanging those commodities. The third disadvantage of mercantilism is that it does not take into account the influence of gold on the financial system. Endless accumulation of gold and silver ruined the financial system of Spain in the XVII century, as the nation suffered from enormous inflation. The entire branches of home economy were ruined resulting in dramatic reduce of export and collapse of mercantilist economy. Absolute Advantage Theory Originally proposed by Adam Smith, this theory relies on the ability of one nation to produce commodities with fewer costs and exchange those commodities to the ones other countries produce at lower costs. The need for less resources to produce a particular good results in its lower and attractive price on the international market and allows nations to specialize in production of some exact commodities both for home market and export thusly reviving global economy. The first flaw of the absolute advantage theory is that it reviews isolated commodities. It says â€Å"in case we produce A better than another nation and another nation produces B better than we, so we would exchange†, but it does not consider relative expenses of such production. In his famous example with wine and wool produced by Portugal and Scotland Ricardo proved that although Portugal produced both with fever relative costs, it would be more advantageous for Portugal to produce only wine and let England produce wool to exchange for wine with Portugal as the relative expenses of production of wool in England are lower than of wine. The second gap of the theory is that it excludes countries which have no absolute advantage in any commodity out of global economy thus reducing the global turnover and excluding workers and financial resources of that nation out of global economy. In case this theory is applied, economy would turn into a club of nations which have certain absolute advantage in comparison to all other nations. Comparative Advantages Theory Originally proposed by David Ricardo, this theory suggests that every nation would benefit from production and export of only those goods and commodities which are produced with lower marginal costs than in other countries. Given that all the goods can be produced inside one country with an absolute advantage, this country would still benefit from import of goods which are produced with lower marginal costs in the other countries. The first remarkable disadvantage of the theory is that in case every nation would hypothetically specialize in only one commodity this would result in elimination of competition in production of this commodity and let the producing nation speculate. The lack of both home and international competition would make nation strive to reduce costs in production of this commodity reducing its quality. Other countries which are economically dependent on the import of this commodity would not be able to combat such a development. The second disadvantage which is especially obvious in the modern economy is that the relative advantages theory does considers only the flow of goods, but not capitals, investments and debts. For example, producing debts costs nothing, so it would be absolutely economically advantageous to produce debts. Yet this gives an advantage only for a very short term, while soon the nation would face a huge demand for currency to pay for the assets, and as a result the export would be ruined while the import would boost devastating the economic grounds for prosperity. The third gap is that short-term advantages can turn into long-term disadvantages. Sometimes it can be necessary for a nation to launch new industries which would become effective in a long term, so it has to give up on the comparative advantage theory to make profits in future. The Theory of Factor Endowment This is a mathematical theory of international trade proposed by Heckscher-Ohlin. Further developing Ricardo’s comparative advantage theory Heckscher-Ohlin offered to predict patterns of commerce based on endowments of a trading region. Comparative advantages are determined by the country’s funds like land, labor and natural resources. Assuming that both countries have equal technological development, each of them would benefit from trading goods requiring inputs of endowments that are locally abundant. For example, in case a nation has much land but little labor it would benefit from agricultural production. The flaws of the theory are as follows. First is that the states do not initiate trade as themselves, which is usually done by firms and corporations, and those firms strive to increase their benefit but not to make use of the factor endowment Secondly, the theory would work well in the conditions of a perfect competition that no nation ever has. The trading partners are never fully informed of the endowment factor of their vis-a-vis making it hard for them to determine the benefits of application of their own endowments. Thirdly, as the theory considers only funds, it does not look at the technological development which is never completely equal between various countries, as well as the theory does not consider the influence of organizational and management factors that can make a nation effective in production of a particular commodity even if the nation comparatively lacks endowment. Bibliography 1. Ball, Donald; McCulloh, Wendel, Geringer, Michael; Frantz, Paul; Minor, Michael. (2003). International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 9 edition. 2. Mankiw, Gregory N. (2006). Principles of Economics. South-Western College Pub; 4 edition 3. Buchholz, Todd G. (2007) New Ideas from Dead Economists: An Introduction to Modern Economic Thought Plume; Rev Upd edition

Pollution And Its Effects

Pollution And Its Effects Contemporary world has been marked with so many changes and advancement through industrialization and development of new technologies. It is amazing the effects industrialization and technology advancements have caused. Nations have experienced improved techniques in production leading to increased production and consequently economic growth. Citizens have had their living standards through the increased production. Authors of papers and books have expressed their felt gratitude to industrialization and its effects as well as the improvement in technology. Nonetheless, many such authors do not leaning on one side but appreciate both the negative and positive effects of industrialization and improvement in the technology. Other than the positive effects of industrialization and technological improvement the most threatening negative effects of the two is pollution. Pollution is a broad aspect encompassing many institutions and schools of thoughts. In direct terms, pollution is the int roduction of unwanted substances into natural environment leading to environmental instability, disorder, discomfort and harm to the ecosystem affecting the different living things in their habitat. Unwanted substance introduction into the environment has been spurred by industrialization and improved technology leading to production of many varied products. The unwanted substances are the pollutants. Unfortunately, industrialization and technological effect of pollution has caused a lot of harm to living things in their natural habitat. Air pollution being one of the forms of pollution has had serious negative impacts on living things Release of Chemicals into the atmosphere inhaled by living things Causes diseases related to lungs and pulmonary Global warming leading All these activities and effects forces nations to employ structural and strategic policies thus incurring increased costs. Water pollution is another cause of pollution detrimental to survival of living things Causes through pathogens, chemical, and thermal Effects on non-aquatic living things Effects to aquatic living things Water is one of the essentials of life thus taking polluted water leads to health deterioration leading to spending resources in treatment and prevention of diseases. Other than two broad classification of pollution, environmental pollution is another Causes of environmental pollution; dumping Effects to living things Just as the other forms of pollution, environmental pollution leads to stretching of a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources in trying to curb with the problem and this increases running costs of nations. Conclusion Works Cited Atkinson, William. Pollution and Environmental Exposure Insurance. Precast Magazines, July 28, 2010 Silverman, Robert. Pollution takes its Toll on the Heart. Science Daily, September 21, 2010. Air Pollution and its Negative Effects Air pollution is one of the most common forms of pollution experienced because of industrializations and improvement in technology. This form of pollution arises due to emission of unwanted substances (pollutants) into the atmosphere. Atmosphere contains specific components of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon (IV) oxide, and argon among others thus introduction of any other gases leads to pollution of the air. Survival of living things requires oxygen resent in the atmosphere. It is an essential to living things survival and thus it should never been contaminated. Most industrial processes release certain substances most of which are chemicals into the atmosphere thus contaminating the oxygen present. Such chemicals are in form of smoke that entails burnt fuels primarily composed of carbon. Burning carbon combines the element with oxygen thus forming a dangerous gas, carbon (IV) oxide commonly referred to as the carbon dioxide. Releasing such chemical substances into the atmosp here causes air pollution (Atkinson). During inhalation and exhalation amongst the living things, there are no specialized organs within their structures that purify the air or choose the right type of gas to be inhaled. In the process, most living things end up inhaling different gases among them carbon (IV) oxide also known as the carbon dioxide. Inhalation of CO2 has so many effects within the physiological processes of the living things. It combines with the hemoglobin meant to transport oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Such combinations are usually chemical reactions that are irreversible hence interfering with the hemoglobin normal biconcave structure for efficient transport of oxygen. As a result, living things end up suffocating and this in most cases leads to complications and at the end death (Silverman). Emission of such chemical substances into the atmosphere especially the CO2 leads the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s threatening concept, global warming. Global warming is the rapture of the ozone layer because of increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere; at average, the normal amount should be 0.03% of the atmosphere. Global warming has had great influence in the operations of nations who are putting resources in the reducing it through planting of trees and other environmental promotions. Global warming has the effect of interfering with the skin due to allowing of the ultra violet rays from the sun to heat human beings and living things. Consequence of the ultra violet rays is different cancers resulting from them (Atkinson). These leads to extensive use of public funds in environmental preservation thus stretching the available resources in the structural and strategic policy formation hence reduction in the economic levels. Water Pollution and its Negative Effects This is another form of pollution where the unwanted materials contaminate water bodies. Many pollutants leading to water pollution include pathogens, chemicals, and thermal contaminations. Pathogenic pollution is caused by water contaminations through bacteria such as the coliform bacteria. Other microorganisms cause water contamination such as the salmonella, novovirus, and parasitic worms among others. On the hand, chemical substances released from factories and industries cause water pollution. Chemicals released from the industries, factories, and other sectors of the economy such as agricultural sector include both organic and inorganic chemicals. These chemical substances interfere with the purity of water and most of these chemicals cause so much diseases and complications (Silverman). Human activities such as burning charcoal leading to global warming cause increase in general temperatures thus interfering with the temperatures of water bodies. Other human activities also influence the temperatures of water bodies using engines within such water bodies thereby interfering with the water temperatures. Changes in water temperatures and chemical presence within the water bodies directly affect the aquatic life through killing the living things within such water bodies. As a result, the effect on such aquatic life leads to their death hence the negative effects of water pollution (Atkinson). Deaths of aquatic lives affect human activities indirectly and directly. For instance, the death of fish due to chemicals and changes in water temperatures has the direct effect of reducing the amount of food available for people in terms of proteins. This has the indirect effect or poor health due to reduced proteins as well as reduction in the economic activities causing poor performance of the economy (Silverman). Contaminated water by pathogens causes diseases to human beings thereby reducing the productivity of the citizens of a given nation. Just as the other forms of pollution, water pollution influences forces nations to employ the use of national resources to reduce these effects. Consequently, this leads to poor economic performance. Environmental Pollution and its Negative Effects Another broader form of pollution is the environmental pollution taking care of other forms of pollution other than water and air. The major cause of environmental pollution is the dumping of most of the non-biodegradable products from the industrial and technological development. Such industrial products mostly abused and haphazardly dumped include the industrial plastics. Pollutants of environment release so much toxin substances into the atmosphere affecting both human and other living things (Atkinson). Some of the effects of environmental pollution include the biomagnifications where toxin substances from the pollutants released into the atmosphere concentrate to higher levels thereby affecting the productivity of human beings. Research has proved that the majority of people staying near the dumping sites experience physiological process and sometimes is affected brain wise. Sometimes the environmental pollution causes soil infertility thus reducing the productivity of the soil and this greatly affects the activities and living standards of citizens within a given nations (Silverman). It is worthy noting that the efforts put in place to correct the environmental pollution stretches the national resources and this causes much problem to the economic performance of the nation in question. Conclusion As a parting short, it has been evident from observation and carried out research that pollution has enormous negative impacts to the society. Therefore, there is a need to engage in a number of activities that will help mitigate the risks associated with pollution.

Concepts of Computer Networking

Concepts of Computer Networking CHAPTER 1: NETWORKING CONCEPTS NETWORKING BASICS: At its most elementary level, a computer network consists of two computers connected to each other by a cable that allows them to share data. All computer networking, no matter how sophisticated stems from that simple system. While the idea of connecting two computers by a cable may not seem extraordinary, inretrospect it has proven to be a major achievement in communications. Computer networking arose as an answer to the need to share data in a timely fashion. Personal computers are powerful tools that can process and manipulate large amounts of data quickly, but they do not allow users to share that data efficiently. Before networks, users needed either to print out documents or copy document files to a disk for others to edit or use them. If others made changes tothe document, there was no easy way to merge the changes. This was, and still is, known as working in a stand-alone environment. TYPES OF NETWORKS: Computer networks can be categorized in the following types. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet . The most common type of local area network is an Ethernet LAN. The smallest home LAN can have exactly two computers; a large LAN can accommodate many thousands of computers. Many LANs are divided into logical groups called subnets. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN): MAN stands for metropolitan area network .It is a network of devices within an area of one to ten kilometers or with in a city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network or it may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN): A WAN stand for wide area network .It is spread through out the world. A WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single company is often referred to as an enterprise network. It can connect computers and other devices on opposite sides of the world. A WAN is made up of a number of interconnected LANs. Perhaps the ultimate WAN is the Internet. INTRANET: Anintranetis a privatecomputer networkthat usesInternet Protocoltechnologies to securely share any part of an organizations information or operational systems within that organization. The term is used in contrast tointernet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the organizations internalwebsite, but may be a more extensive part of the organizations information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration. EXTRANET: Anextranetis a private network that usesInternet protocols,networkconnectivity. An extranet can be viewed as part of a companysintranetthat is extended to users outside the company, usually via theInternet. It has also been described as a state of mind in which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with a selected set of other companies (business-to-business, B2B), in isolation from all other Internet users. In contrast,business-to-consumer(B2C) models involve known servers of one or more companies, communicating with previously unknown consumer users. INTERNETWORK: An Internetwork is a collection of two or more LANs connected by WANs. Internworks are referred to interchangeably as data networks or simply networks. The most popular internetwork is the Internet which is open to public. COMPONENTS OF NETWORK: A data communication system has two main components:- HARDWARE COMPONENTS: Devices and media are the physical elements or hardware of the network Hradware is often the visible components of the network platform such as a laptop, a PC or swtich etc used to connect the devices. Ocassionally some components might not be so visible. DEVICES: Devices of the network can be of two types that are the end devices and the intermediary devices, we explain both the types:- END USER DEVICES: An end use device refers to a piece of equipment that is either the ousce or the destination of a message on a network. Network users usaully only see or touch an end device, which is most often a computer. Another can generic term for an end device that sends or receives messages is a host. E.g host and end devices are Printers, Computers, Scanners, Webcams etc. INTERMEDIARY DEVICES: Intermediary devices connect the indivisual hosts to the network or can connect multiple networks to form an internetwork. Intermediary devices are not all the same. Some work inside the LAN to perfom switching functions and others help route messages between networks. Example of intermediary devices are Switches, Hubs and Routers etc. NETWORK MEDIA: Communication across a network is carried on a medium. The medium provides the channel over which the message travels from source to destination. The three main types of media in use in a network are: COPPER: A twisted pair cable usually used as a medium inside a LAN environment. FIBEROPTICS: Made up of glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating usually used for long runs in a LAN and as a trunk. WIRELESS: It connects local users through air using electromagnetic waves. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS: Software components can be divided in to two parts, services and processes. SERVICES: A network service provide information in responce to a request. Services include many of the common netowrk applications people use every day, like e-mail hosting services and web hosting services. For an instance we can take example of YAHOO enterprise, they provide mail services as well as web services, there are a number of companies offering these kind of services. PROCESSES: Processes provide the funtionality that directs and moves the messages through the network. Processes are less obvious to us ut are critical to the opeation of networks. For example viewing a webpage invokes one network process, clicking on a hyperlink causes a web browser to communicate with a web server, in the same way many network processes can take place at the same time. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES: Topology of a network is the geometrical representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices to one another. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES: There are four basic physical topologies possible mesh, star, bus, and ring. MESH TOPOLOGY: In a mesh topology every device has a dedicated point to point connection to every other device .A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices . STAR TOPOLOGY: In star topology each device has a dedicated point to point connection only to a central controller usually called a hub . The devices are not directly connected to each other .Unlike a mesh topology ,a star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices the controller acts as an exchange : if one device wants to send data to another it sends the data to the controller which then relays the data to the other connected device. BUS TOPOLOGY: A bus topology on the other hand is multi point one long cable acts as a back bone to link all the devices in a network nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps a drop line is a connection running between the devices and the main cable a tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core. RING TOPOLOGY: In a ring topology each device has a dedicated point to point connection only with the two devices on either side of it . A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device to device until it reaches to its destination protocols. LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES: The Logical topology defines how the systems communicate across the physical topologies. There are two main types of logical topologies: SHARED MEDIA TOPOLOGY: In a shared media topology, all the systems have the ability to access the physical layout whenever they need it. The main advantage in a shared media topology is that the systems have unrestricted access to the physical media. Of course, the main disadvantage to this topology is collisions. If two systems send information out on the wire at the same time, the packets collide and kill both packets. Ethernet is an example of a shared media topology. TOKEN BASED TOPOLOGY: The token-based topology works by using a token to provide access to the physical media. In a token-based network, there is a token that travels around the network. When a system needs to send out packets, it grabs the token off of the wire, attaches it to the packets that are sent, and sends it back out on the wire. As the token travels around the network, each system examines the token. When the packets arrive at the destination systems, those systems copy the information off of the wire and the token continues its journey until it gets back to the sender. When the sender receives the token back, it pulls the token off of the wire and sends out a new empty token to be used by the next machine. PROTOCOLS: In information technology, a protocol (from the Greek protocollon, which was a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume, describing its contents) is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard. NETWORK PROTOCOLS: For devices to communicate over the network, they must follow different protocols that perform the many tasks to be completed. The protocols define the following: The format of the message The way intermediary dvices share information about the path to the destination The method to handle update messages between intermediary devices The process to initiate and terminate communications between hosts INTERACTION OF PROTOCOLS: Interaction between protocols can be clearly understood by a simple example, the way that a web server and a web client interacts. HTTP defines the formatting and content of the requests and responses exchanged between the client and server. Both the client and server implements HTTP as part of the application. The HTTP protocol relies on other protocols to govern how the message are transported between the client and server. TCP is the transport protocol that divides the HTTP messages in to smaller pieces to be sent to the destination client, it is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the client and the server. Another protocol called IP is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning the appropriate addresses and selecting the best path to the destination host. TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT PROTOCOLS: Protocols that guide the network data are not dependent on any specific technology to carry out the task. Protocols describe what must be done to communicate, not how the task is to be completed.This is the reason that enables different kind of devices such as telephones and computers to use the same network infrasturcture to communicate. PROTOCOLS AND REFRENCE MODELS: Networking professionals use two networking models to comminicate within the industry, they are protocol models and reference models. Both were created in the 1970s. A protocol model is a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The hierarhical set of related protocols in a suite typically represents all the functionality required to interface the human network with the data network. The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it describes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols with in the protocol suite. A refrence model provides a common referecen for maintaining the consistency within alkl types ofn etwork protocols and services. The primary function of a refercen model is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and process involved. The OPEN SYSTEMS INERCONNECTION (OSI) the most well known reference model. OSI MODEL: In 1978, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released a set of specifications that described network architecture for connecting dissimilar devices. The original document applied to systems that were open to each other because they could all use the same protocols and standards to exchange information. APPLICATION LAYER: The topmost layer of the OSI reference model, is the application layer. This layer relates to the services that directly support user applications, such as software for file transfers, database access, and e-mail. In other words, it serves as a window through which application processes can access network services. A message to be sent across the network enters the OSI reference model at this point and exits the OSI reference models application layer on the receiving computer. PRESENTATION LAYER: The presentation layer, defines the format used to exchange data among networked computers. Think of it as the networks translator. When computers from dissimilar systems need to communicate, a certain amount of translation and byte reordering must be done. Within the sending computer, the presentation layer translates data from the format sent down from the application layer into a commonly recognized, intermediary format. At the receiving computer, this layer translates the intermediary format into a format that can be useful to that computers application layer. The presentation layer is responsible for converting protocols, translating the data, encrypting the data, changing or converting the character set, and expanding graphics commands. The presentation layer also manages data compression to reduce the number of bits that need to be transmitted. SESSION LAYER: The session layer, allows two applications on different computers to open, use, and close a connection called a session. (A session is a highly structured dialog between two workstations.) The session layer is responsible for managing this dialog. It performs name-recognition and other functions, such as security, that are needed to allow two applications to communicate over the network. TRANSPORT LAYER: The transport layer, provides an additional connection level beneath the session layer. The transport layer ensures that packets are delivered error free, in sequence, and without losses or duplications. At the sending computer, this layer repackages messages, dividing long messages into several packets and collecting small packets together in one package. This process ensures that packets are transmitted efficiently over the network. At the receiving computer, the transport layer opens the packets, reassembles the original messages, and, typically, sends an acknowledgment that the message was received. If a duplicate packet arrives, this layer will recognize the duplicate and discard it. NETWORK LAYER: The network layer, is responsible for addressing messages and translating logical addresses and names into physical addresses. This layer also determines the route from the source to the destination computer. It determines which path the data should take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. It also manages traffic problems on the network, such as switching and routing of packets and controlling the congestion of data. DATA LINK LAYER: The data-link layer, sends data frames from the network layer to the physical layer. It controls the electrical impulses that enter and leave the network cable. On the receiving end, the data-link layer packages raw bits from the physical layer into data frames. The electrical representation of the data is known to this layer only. PHYSICAL LAYER: The bottom layer of the OSI reference model, is the physical layer. This layer transmits the unstructured, raw bit stream over a physical medium (such as the network cable). The physical layer is totally hardware-oriented and deals with all aspects of establishing and maintaining a physical link between communicating computers. The physical layer also carries the signals that transmit data generated by each of the higher layers. TCP/IP MODEL: The TCP/IP protocol does not exactly match the OSI reference model. Instead of seven layers, it uses only four. Commonly referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite, TCP/IP is broken into the following four layers: NETWORK ACCESS: Network access layer communicates directly with the network. It provides the interface between the network architecture (such as token ring, Ethernet) and the Internet layer. INTERNET: The Internet layer, corresponding to the network layer of the OSI reference model, uses several protocols for routing and delivering packets. Router are protocol dependent, they function at this layer of the model and are used to forward packets from one network or segment to another. Several protocols work within the Internet layer. TRANSPORT: The transport layer, corresponding to the transport layer of the OSI reference model, is responsible for establishing and maintaining end-to-end communication between two hosts. The transport layer provides acknowledgment of receipt, flow control, and sequencing of packets. It also handles retransmissions of packets. The transport layer can use either TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocols depending on the requirements of the transmission. APPLICATION: Corresponding to the session, presentation, and application layers of the OSI reference model, the application layer connects applications to the network. It contains all the higher-level protocols. COMPARISON BETWEEN OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP MODEL: The OSI and TCP/IP reference models have much in common. Both are based on the concept of a stack of independent protocols. Also, the functionality of the layers is roughly similar. For example, in both models the layers up through and including the transport layer are there to provide an end-to-end, network-independent transport service to processes wishing to communicate. These layers form the transport provider. Again in both models, the layers above transport are application-oriented users of the transport service. The differece between OSI and TCP/IP model is that the Application layer of TCP/IP model operates at the upper three layers of OSI model, they are application layer, presentation layer and session layer, also the Network layer of TCP/IP model works at the lower two layers of OSI model that are, data link layer and physical layer. TCP/IP PROTOCOL The TCP/IP suite of protocols is the set of protocols used to communicate across the internet. It is also widely used on many organizational networks due to its flexibility and wide array of functionality provided. Microsoft who had originally developed their own set of protocols now is more widely using TCP/IP, at first for transport and now to support other services. SOME IMPORTANT TCP/IP PROTOCOLS: INTERNET PROTOCOLv4 (IP): Internet Protocol (IP) is a packet-switched protocol that performs addressing and route selection. As a packet is transmitted, this protocol appends a header to the packet so that it can be routed through the network using dynamic routing tables. IP is a connectionless protocol and sends packets without expecting the receiving host to acknowledge receipt. In addition, IP is responsible for packet assembly and disassembly as required by the physical and data-link layers of the OSI reference model. Each IP packet is made up of a source and a destination address, protocol identifier, checksum (a calculated value), and a TTL (which stands for time to live). The TTL tells each router on the network between the source and the destination how long the packet has to remain on the network. It works like a countdown counter or clock. As the packet passes through the router, the router deducts the larger of one unit (one second) or the time that the packet was queued for delivery. For example, if a packet has a TTL of 128, it can stay on the network for 128 seconds or 128 hops (each stop, or router, along the way), or any combination of the two. The purpose of the TTL is to prevent lost or damaged data packets (such as missing e-mail messages) from endlessly wandering the network. When the TTL counts down to zero, the packet is eliminated from the network. IPV4 HEADER: The key fields of the ipv4 are as follows:- SOURCE ADDRESS: Senders ip address DESTINATION ADDRESS : Receivers ip address TIME TO LIVE (TTL): Numeber of hops a packet must traverse before getting discarded. TYPE OF SERVICE (TOS): It is for a sending host to specify a preference for how the datagram would be handled as it makes its way through an internet. PROTOCOL: This field defines the protocol used in the data portion of the IP datagram. FLAG AND FRAGMENT: A three-bit field follows and is used to control or identify fragments VERSION: Protocol version. INTERNET HEADER LENGTH: The second field (4 bits) is the Internet Header Length (IHL) telling the number of 32-bitwordsin the header. PACKET LENGTH: This 16-bit field defines the entire datagram size, including header and data, in bytes. ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP): Before an IP packet can be forwarded to another host, the hardware address of the receiving machine must be known. The ARP determines hardware addresses (MAC addresses) that correspond to an IP address. If ARP does not contain the address in its own cache, it broadcasts a request for the address. All hosts on the network process the request and, if they contain a map to that address, pass the address back to the requestor. The packet is then sent on its way, and the new information address is stored in the routers cache. HEADER: Some important fields of ARPs header are as follows:- HARDWARE TYPE: This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type PROTOCOL TYPE: This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended HARDWARE LENGTH: Length of a hardware address PROTOCOL LENGTH: Length (in octets) of alogical addressof the specified protocol OPERATION: Specifies the operation that the sender is performing SENDER HARDWARE ADDRESS: Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. SENDER PROTOCOL ADDRESS: Upper layer protocol address of the sender. TARGET PROTOCOL ADDRESS: Hardware address of the intended receiver. TARGET HARDWARE ADDRESS: Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. TRANSMISSION CONTROL (TCP): The TCP is responsible for the reliable transmission of data from one node to another. It is a connection-based protocol and establishes a connection (also known as a session, virtual circuit, or link), between two machines before any data is transferred. To establish a reliable connection, TCP uses what is known as a three-way handshake. This establishes the port number and beginning sequence numbers from both sides of the transmission. HEADER: Following are some important fields of TCP header: SOURCE PORT: Identifies the sending port. DESTINATION PORT: Identifies the receiving port. SEQUENCE NUMBER: This is the initial sequence number. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER: A 32 bit acknowledgement number. DATA OFFSET: Specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP): A connectionless protocol, the UDP, is responsible for end-to-end transmission of data. Unlike TCP, however, UDP does not establish a connection. It attempts to send the data and to verify that the destination host actually receives the data. UDP is best used to send small amounts of data for which guaranteed delivery is not required. While UDP uses ports, they are different from TCP ports; therefore, they can use the same numbers without interference. HEADER: Some key headers of UDP are as follows: SOURCE PORT: This field identifies the sending port. DESITNATION PORT: This field indentifies the receiving port LENGTH: A 16-bit field that specifies the length in bytes of the entire datagram CHECKSUM: The 16-bitchecksumfield is used for error-checking of the headeranddata. NETWORK ADDRESSING: There are millions of computers in use on the web and billions of messages traversing networks at any given time, so prper addresing is essential to make sure that the sent messages arrives intact at the proper destination. Addressing of data happens in three different layers of the OSI model. The PDU at each layer adds address information for use by the peer layer at the destination. CHAPTER 2: ROUTING Fundamentals ROUTING: Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network, electronic data networks such as the Internet, and transportation networks. Our main concern will be routing in packet switched networks. In packet switching networks, routing directs packet forwarding, the transit of logically addressed packets from their source toward their ultimate destination through intermediate nodes; typically hardware devices called routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches. General-purpose computers with multiple network cards can also forward packets and perform routing, though they are not specialized hardware and may suffer from limited performance. The routing process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables which maintain a record of the routes to various network destinations. Thus, constructing routing tables, which are held in the routers memory, is very important for efficient routing. Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time, but multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths. TYPES OF ROUTING: STATIC ROUTING: Static routing is manually adding routes to the routing table, routes through a data network are described by fixed paths (statically). These routes are usually entered into the router by the system administrator. An entire network can be configured using static routes, but this type of configuration is not fault tolerant. When there is a change in the network or a failure occurs between two statically defined nodes, traffic will not be rerouted. This means that anything that wishes to take an affected path will either have to wait for the failure to be repaired or the static route to be updated by the administrator before restarting its journey. Most requests will time out (ultimately failing) before these repairs can be made. There are, however, times when static routes make sense and can even improve the performance of a network. Some of these include stub networks and default routes. DYNAMIC ROUTING: Dynamic routing performs the same function as static routing except it is more robust. Static routing allows routing tables in specific routers to be set up in a static manner so network routes for packets are set. If a router on the route goes down the destination may become unreachable. Dynamic routing allows routing tables in routers to change as the possible routes change. Dynamic routing uses routing protocols for routing information automatically over the internertwork. STATIC VS DYNAMIC ROUTING: Before going further we need to examine the difference between static and dynamic routing. ROUTING PROTOCOLS: Before going in to the details of dynamic routing we must understand what are routing protocols. Routing protocols implement algorithms that tell routers the best paths through internetworks. Routing protocols provide the layer 3 network state update. In short, routing protocols route datagrams through a network. Routing is a layer 3 function, thus, routing and routed protocols are network-layer entities. Routing tables on the layer 3 router are populated by information from routing protocols. A routed protocol will enter an interface on a router, be placed in a memory buffer, then it will be forwarded out to an interface based on information in the routing table TYPES OF DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS: Dynamic routing protocols can be divided in to the following broad catagories. CLASSFUL AND CLASSLESS ROUTING PROTOCOLS: CLASSFUL ROUTING PROTOCOLS: Classful routing protocols do not send subnet mask information in routing updates. This was at the time when network address were allocated on the basis of classes i.e A, B or C. These routing prtocols did not include subnet mask in routing update because the the network mask was determined by first octet of the network address. Classfull routing protocols can still be used in todays networks but they cannot be used in all situations because they do not include the subnet mask. Classfull routing protocols cannot be used where the network is subnetted using more then one subnet mask, in other words we can say that classfull routing protocols do not support variable-lenght subnet mask (VLSM). In the following figure the classfull version of the network support similar subnet masks i.e all /24. CLASSLESS ROUTING PROTOCOLS:

War of 1812 :: essays research papers

War of 1812: United States Wages War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Revolution did not mark the end of tensions and hostilities between Britain and the newly independent United States. Neither country was pleased with the agreements made at the conclusion of the American Revolution. Americans were angry with the British for failing to withdraw their British soldiers from American territory and their unwillingness to sign trade agreements favorable to the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The division of land and the loss of the Ohio River Valley left Canada and Britain without access to the valuable fur trade. The Ohio River Valley was full of Amerindians that supported the British during the American Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This American resentment grew even more during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15). Britain attempted to blockade the entire continent of Europe. France boycotted all British goods in any French territory; France later ordered their ports to any neutral ships that have visited a British port prior to arriving in a French port. Britain then ordered that all neutral ships must dock at a British port in order to acquire a license before traveling to Europe. Americans considered both countries’ actions a violation of their Neutral Rights; however, Britain had the more powerful navy and, therefore, dominated the seas. This created a deeper feeling of bitterness toward Britain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neutral Rights violations did not stop with British and French maritime policies. Many sailors in the British Royal Navy had deserted and immigrated to the United States; they served as sailors on American merchant ships. The Neutral Rights clearly states points regarding naval boarding and seizure: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Belligerents have the right to search for war material on neutral shipping during time of war, but cannot deny the right of trade among neutrals. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Belligerent armies are not to enter or engage in hostilities in a neutral nation and are subject to internment if they do so. Rumors of British Royal Navy ships searching, seizing and impressing British and American citizens from merchant ships ran wild throughout the United States. Impressment refers to the forcing of people into military service. In June 1807, all rumors were proved true; an American ship, the Chesapeake, was fired upon by a British vessel, the Leopard, after refusing to stop. This incident occurred well within U.S. territory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1810, the Non-Intercourse Act expired and Congress created a law that permitted trade with either France or England, whichever nation first promised to stop harassing American shipping.

Essay --

Todd Robins couldn’t remember the last time he had checked the mail. Surely his mailbox would be overflowing with letters and bills and brochures for colleges. When he got to the end of his driveway, he saw that it wasn’t full at all! In fact, it seemed as though the mailbox were empty. He decided to peek inside anyway. When he looked inside, he saw only one thing. A small slip of paper. Todd reached in and took out the mysterious slip. It was folded so that he could see only his name, Todd Robins, at the top. He walked inside and opened up the slip. It informed him that he had won a one day and one night stay in an exclusive mountain cabin up in the Rocky Mountains. ‘That’s strange. I don’t remember entering any sweepstakes or anything.’ Todd thought puzzledly. He decided to just go along with it. A little vacation couldn’t hurt, right? He was close, too, so getting there wouldn’t be a problem. The slip had the address on the bottom along with a time to get to the cabin. He had to be there in 24 hours in order to get his prize, or the second runner up would get it. When Todd w...

“Tyronian” Tragedy

In Eugene O'Neill's agonizingly autobiographical play Long Day's Journey into Night, readers are introduced a dismal family situation. Drugs, death, illness and failure lace each conversation, and regret flows almost as unreservedly as the alcohol. In such a tragedy, one would expect to have a clear idea of with whom the blame lies. In this piece of drama, however, there is a distinct inability to do so. Eugene O'Neill persistently manipulates the emotional responses of the reader. This manipulation keeps partiality off balance and uncertain. O'Neill accomplishes this by allowing readers to sympathize with one family member. Once sympathy is established for one particular character, that character promptly says, or does, something that loses the reader's alliance, along with the alliance of whichever character he or she is berating at that particular moment. This results in the reader's inability to discern who, precisely, is culpable for the Tyrone family's situation. The idea of assigning culpability in Long Day's Journey Into Night is almost humourous. Even if one wanted to, it would be difficult to sort through years of built up anger, layer upon layer of repression, and huge amounts of guilt in each character; for each character is at fault for one thing or another, and, in addition, each character blames someone else for his or her problem. For example, Mary blames her husband and his tightfistedness for her addiction to morphine. Due to their mother being an addict, Jamie is unable to bring girls home, thus he visits prostitutes. Such behavior has influenced his younger brother Edmund, â€Å"making him old before his time† (35). Consequently, Jamie is at fault for Edmund's poor health. In turn, his mother, for causing the addiction by being brought into the world, as well as worsening it with his own illness, blames Edmund. And so, the vicious circle continues. However, if one does not wish to inflict upon one's distinguished teaching assistant a painfully long dissertation of each member's contributions to the tragedy and the results thereof, one ought to maintain, for argument's sake, that the majority of the culpability lies with James Tyrone, for his behaviour in regards to money, alcohol, and his own status as a failed actor. James's father had left the family when James was only ten years of age. This left James as the man of the family, working twelve hours each day to help provide for his mother and three sisters. As James explains, â€Å"It was in those days I learned to be a miser†(151). He feels proud of his savings, and announces to his family in regards to buying something: â€Å"I got them dead cheap†(15). His own early recognition of the importance of money explains his continual contempt for his own children's lack of concern when it comes to working: â€Å"What do you know of the value of a dollar? (150). He accuses Jamie of being lazy and having no ambition. Not only does James Tyrone wish his sons understood the value of money, but since they do not, he is forced to be miserly enough for the whole family. Consequently, the family resents his overly economic ways. There are many attacks throughout the play on James Tyrone for this, the first one being Jamie accusing him of not sending Edmund to a real doctor for his illness when he first got sick. Jamie says, â€Å"Hardy only charges a dollar. That's what makes you think he's a fine doctor! â€Å"(31). Later, another dialogue gives an even worse view of the situation; Tyrone sending Edmund to a cheap sanatorium, but spending money on real estate: JAMIE: Well, for God's sake, pick out a good place and not some cheap dump! TYRONE: (Stung) I'll send him wherever Hardy thinks best! JAMIE: Well, don't give Hardy your old over-the-hills-to-the-poorhouse song about taxes and mortgages. TYRONE: I'm no millionaire who can throw money away! Why shouldn't I tell Hardy the truth? JAMIE: Because he'll think you want him to pick a cheap dump, and because he'll now it isn't the truth i especially if he hears afterwards you've seen McGuire and let that flannel-mouth, gold-brick merchant sting you with another piece of bum property! (82) Later realizing the anger this statement comes from, James Tyrone offers Edmund â€Å"any place you like! Never mind what it costs! Any place I can afford. Any place you like†. Sadly, there follows the stipulation Tyrone cannot seem to shake off: â€Å"Within reason. â€Å"(151). Cheap medical care seems to be Tyrone's weakness. As Mary Tyrone makes clear, his tightfisted ways result, though inadvertently, in her downfall as well, due to a doctor giving her morphine as an easy fix. â€Å"But bearing Edmund was the last straw. I was so sick afterwards, and that ignorant quack of a cheap hotel doctor-All he knew was I was in pain. It was easy for him to stop the pain. â€Å"(90) Tyrone is also to blame for his wife's general unhappiness, not just her addiction to morphine. Mary says to Edmund that she has never been happy in the house, because â€Å"Everything was done in the cheapest way. Your father would never spend the money to make it right. (45). The subsequent scene has Mary come downstairs (60), in a detached sort of manner. She complains bitterly to Edmund about Tyrone's inability to make a real home. He is too stingy to build a real home, with good servants, and so she has suffered all her life. When Tyrone himself comes in, she says in continuation of her previous statements † I'm sick and tired of pretending this is a home! You won't help me! â€Å"(69). She goes on to say that had he remained a bachelor â€Å"Then nothing would have happened. † This indicates strongly that she blames him too. Tyrone condemns Mary for her addiction, yet feels no guilt or responsibility for it, taking away any amount of forgiveness readers may have parted with in Tyrone's favour. The amusing part of this however, is while he condemns his wife for substance abuse, the same thing is his own major vice. Mary tells her husband: † I would never have married you if I'd known you drank so much† (115). She also launches into a story about their honeymoon, when Tyrone was dragged home intoxicated. It appears that in a fashion similar to that of their father, Jamie and Edmund seem quite partial to alcohol. In fact, the entire family seems unable to confront reality without chemical assistance. Mary's words indicate that drinking all day is a common Tyrone family activity: â€Å"I know what to expect. You will be drunk tonight. Well, it won't be the first time, will it i or the thousandth? † (72). The Tyrone men validate their drinking habits with folk wisdom about whiskey's alleged health benefits: â€Å"It's before a meal and I've always found that good whiskey, taken in moderation as an appetizer, is the best of tonics† (68). Alcohol has contributed to Jamie's failures. It has hurt Edmund's health. And it becomes a source of conflict between Jamie and Tyrone, as Jamie consistently steals his father's whiskey, replacing the amount taken with water, so his father won't take notice. Regrettably, the alcohol solves no problems, and problems get more intricate as the tongues loosen from the booze. The three men share a drink, but none of the social magic of alcohol seems to work. Tyrone, Edmund and Jamie remain as miserable as ever. The last, most driving element of James Tyrone's guilt is his status as a failed actor. In act four of the play, James Tyrone relates something to his youngest son that he has never told anyone before. He explains that since his father left the family when he was ten, he grew up to be miserly. Thus he was quick to give up artistic fulfillment in exchange for financial security, ruining his career as † one of the three or four young actors with the greatest artistic promise in America†(153). James Tyrone now muses that he doesn't even know what it was he had wanted to buy. It appears that James has never forgiven himself for this, and therefore inflicts it on his family and neighbours. Mary says in regards to the neighbours: â€Å"they bowed to your father and he bowed back as if he were taking a curtain call†(44). Jamie relates that Tyrone puts on an act for everybody (57). Tyrone begins to quote a play almost as tragic as his own family life, but his son, obviously well versed in his father's repertoire of chastisements from King Lear, finishes the sentence before his father can continue, with † ‘to have a thankless child'. I know†(92). His sons also immediately think in terms of tragedy when referring to their father, quoting Othello in reference to James's snoring: † ‘The Moor, I know his trumpet'†(21). It appears that Tyrone turns his own life into a tragedy, like the ones he once portrayed so well upon the stage, switching affections and emotions like he would have to between scenes, although his family isn't as accepting of this as Edwin Booth and the critics obviously were. But why bother to deal with the question of fault? After all, the characters themselves claim not to care about it, such as in act two, scene two, when James Tyrone tries to blame Edmund's consumptive state on Mary's side of the family. Jamie cries out against blame: â€Å"Who gives a damn about that part of it! â€Å"

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

   At first, Frankenstein agrees (after being convinced), but then is afraid of what could happen if two creatures like the first one were alive, therefore destroys the creation he has not yet finished. Henry is killed by the creature, in which Frankenstein is blamed, who again falls terribly ill again; there he gets acquitted of his crime. He marries Elizabeth who gets murdered by the creature on her wedding night. Frankenstein dies and therefore the monster commits suicide as his creator has died. The creature is grotesquely described, mainly in chapter five, a main scene in the novel. Words such as â€Å"his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of arteries and muscles beneath† are used, which give the reader horrific images of how this creature must look, Shelly then contrasts the image created with nice images, such as â€Å"teeth of pearly whiteness†, juxtaposition is used here because after the reader is made to believe the creature looked lovely, the view rapidly changes, â€Å"but these luxuriance’s only formed a more horrid contrast with the watery eyes, that seemed almost the same colour as the den white sockets in which they were set†, showing how horrific this creature truly looked. This description is that of an adult, however the creatures mind has been reborn so he must now be pure and innocent, therefore shouldn’t be described in such horrible ways, making us feel sorry for him. The creature is seen as a child, this is because he has never been born or seen the world before, so couldn’t possibly have an adult mind, he did not know how to speak, read or write when born, and had to teach himself this knowledge, as Frankenstein did not help. Frankenstein should of treated the creature as if he was a new baby, and help him, because he had not done anything wrong at this point, until he had abandoned him, so he was lonely and confused. He tried to befriend Frankenstein during the beginning of his life by muttering words to him in a friendly manner, although Frankenstein took this as though he was going to attack him, â€Å"He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"but I escaped and rushed downstairs†. The grin was taken by Frankenstein as an evil grin, signifying that the monster did not like Frankenstein, but in reality, the creature was just trying to be friendly. However, Frankenstein was disgusted with his creation, and decided to leave the apartment, not to return, therefore the creature was abandoned and lonely, also he wouldn’t have known what to do seeing as he could not understand the world, and they could equally not understand his hideous looks, therefore making the reader feel sorry for the monster as he hasn’t done anything, â€Å"I did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited†, this also shows he is scared to return. The perception created by Shelley of the monster, is one that he cannot possibly be friendly because of how ugly he is, therefore people shout abuse and refuse to talk to him in a civilized way without mocking him or commenting on how ugly he looks. Other people may be scared of him, so try to run away when he gets close, this will make him feel angry with all the people who judge him by first impressions, without taking the courtesy to get to know him. He could of easily been a good man but society cast him out so he rapidly became the opposite, which makes us feel sorry for him as he cannot help being ugly and never gets a chance to show his nice personality, such as saving children from drowning. He is a victim of Frankenstein’s ambitions and then abandonment, as Frankenstein was very eager, almost too eager, to create him, but after he saw what he had made, quickly despised him, left him alone, with no easy way of living, thus upsetting the creature because he never did anything wrong, just wanted to be loved. Frankenstein should of looked after his creation because it is his responsibility, or should of never even created him if he had thought of the possibilities/consequences that could of happened, creating sympathy for the creature because no one wants him, not even his own father. The creature uses religious imagery when speaking to Frankenstein, such as; â€Å"Remember that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel† and he is telling Frankenstein that he has just been born and is inquisitive like Adam and Eve were when venturing into the garden, but now he has fallen because of his abandonment, so perceives himself as a fallen angel. Also, relating to Adam, shows he believes he must have an ‘Eve’, such as a bride. Frankenstein uses questions at their meeting on the glacier, such as â€Å"Do you dare approach me? And do not you fear the fierce vengeance of my arm wretched on your miserable head? † trying to intimidate and draw the creature in, also he uses the word, â€Å"Devil†, to explain how much he hates the creation and thinks he is pure evil, this is also relating to religiousness. Then the creature explains to Frankenstein about how he feels about being alive and looking the way he does, which makes Frankenstein feel quite sorry for him, although the monster had admitted he murdered his family, but only because he wanted to get back at Frankenstein. The creature reasons with Frankenstein and asks him to create a lady creation, â€Å"Still thou canst listen to and grant me thy compassion†, Frankenstein agrees to do this as long as he leaves him alone and does not harm any more people. Frankenstein beings working on his creation on the second creation, but one night he sees the creature and realises what destruction has already took place, which frightens him about the destruction that two creations could do, creating devastating consequences. We then feel sorry for the creature because he has no friends and will carry on being lonely, but our feelings drastically change when the creature threatens to be with him on his wedding night, making the reader feel angry with the creature for creating such havoc in Frankenstein’s life, although in the back of the readers mind, they still feel sorry for the creature because he is forever lonely. We can see the creature as romantic, as he would like a bride, this relates to Frankenstein when he is calm and peaceful in the mountains, acting almost romantic towards the scenery; â€Å"The pleasant sunshine, and the pure air of day, restored me to some degree of tranquillity; and when I considered what had passed at the cottage†. Frankenstein should of acted like a father to the creature because he created him so should take care of him, show him what’s right and wrong, how to read/write/speak and general life skills. Instead, Frankenstein does none of these and does the opposite, abandoning him, leaving him to fend for himself. He also created the creature out of different body parts from other people’s bodies making him look disproportional and abnormal, as well as looking ridiculous. He had been designing and creating this creation for so long and wanted to create him over such a long period, that when the creature was finally created he truly repulsed it, â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into inanimate body. For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that for exceeded moderation†, showing that he desperately longed for a great creation, we then feel sorry for him as he had spent so much time and effort, just for it to turn out in a catastrophic way. He was very careless when creating him, which would obviously cause problems for the creature when setting foot in the public eye; this was not fair on the creature. He also talks about the creature in a grotesque way, making the reader feel afraid of him, and at the same time, sorry for Frankenstein for having to live with the consequences of this disgusting thing, therefore having to either look after him or find a way of getting rid of him. He then becomes afraid about what he has created and the consequences that would arise from doing so, so therefore being seriously mentally ill, as he cannot cope with the fact that he has created something so ridiculous and destructible. The reader feels sorry for him because he has become ill and this isn’t fair. Frankenstein challenges the creature to a fight, â€Å"Be gone or let us try our strength in a fight, in which one must fail†, this is because he is so angry and repulsed with the creature for ruining his life that he wants to settle this finally and this makes the reader believe how upset he is, wanting to clear the creature out of his mind and life. His anger spirals out of control as he vulgarly insults the creature; â€Å"Relieve me from the sight of your detested form†, showing how much he truly dislikes the creature, therefore he must be causing pain to him in some way, mentally or physically. However finally Frankenstein decides to give the creature a chance and reasons with him about creating a lady monster, which is a good deed, making us honour him because he is trying to treat the creature well. Frankenstein then becomes afraid of what two creatures would cause and destroys his creation, at this point, the creature promises Frankenstein he will be with him on his wedding night. On the wedding night, the creature carries out his ultimatum and murders Frankenstein’s wife, which shocks and devastates Frankenstein because he was not expecting him to murder his bride, and rather killed himself instead. This upsets the reader because this would really harm Frankenstein, and was truly an act of pure evil. Also, earlier in the novel, the creature had killed his younger brother and his best friend to get back at him, which truly devastated Frankenstein, also a very horrific type of payback. Frankenstein could be perceived as a hero of modern day science because he went to extraordinary lengths and research to create human life, using science, which no one else before him had ever successfully done. He was also portrayed as a villain for playing with nature and God because people should take life how it is and not try to create more complex designs that God did not want to happen. However I do not believe that Frankenstein was a victim of the time he lived in because he simply shout not have created life without considering the drastic consequences that would happen. I think the perspective of this novel is that Shelley had lost the three of her four children and also her mother, during labour, possibly reflecting as a feeling of abandonment and loss due to death, she can therefore relate to the creature and Frankenstein because his close family and friends were murdered. I have sympathy for the creature more than Frankenstein because he was abandoned when he was first ‘born’, this was unfair because he hadn’t done anything wrong and could not help the way he looked. Frankenstein should not have created him if he had thought properly about what he was doing; he had acted selfish for leaving the monster behind and abandoning him. Also, Frankenstein gets the creature’s hopes up by saying he will create a companion for him, but then destroys his dream, which upsets the monster greatly. He has no friends, family etc. and this is not fair on him. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.