Does Child Abuse Cause Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2079 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Juvenile Justice Essay Did you like this example? On May 26, 2000 Nathaniel Brazill shot and killed his seventh grade, english teacher at Lake Worth Middle School with a .25 caliber handgun. As a result he was tried as an adult and sentenced to a state prison for 28 years. Now, if a person were to hear a story like this, they would probably say Thank god they put that psychotic kid away, and would not question the reasons why he shot his teacher Weve created the image that teenagers are something to be feared states Dan Macallair of the Center on Juvenile justice in San Francisco. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?" essay for you Create order All we know about Nathaniel Brazill was that he was in the seventh grade, he had somehow acquired a handgun, and he shot his teacher. On the other hand, what we dont know is why he killed his teacher, what was the state of his mental health, and what was his home environment like. Although this isnt to say that what he did was ok, all it would ask is, did he get a fair trial and can he learn from his mistakes if he is charged as adult. I mean in the end isnt he just a kid right? As a society, we tend to acknowledge that kids, below the age eighteen, cant and dont operate as adults, thats why the law takes special steps to shield kids from the implications of their actions, and infrequently seeks to ameliorate the damages caused once kids make wrong decisions, by giving them a second chance. The law prohibits individuals below eighteen from voting, serving within the military, and a plethora of other things, however in some states, theyll be hanged for crimes they committed before they reach adulthood. According to ACLU, the US Supreme Court prohibits execution for crimes committed at the age of fifteen or younger. Nineteen states have laws allowing the execution of a person that committed crimes at sixteen or seventeen. Since 1973, 226 juvenile death sentences were imposed on these poor teens. To this day, according to ACLU there has been twenty-two juvenile offenders who are dead and eighty two who are still on death row. In the article, Juveniles Dont Deserve Life Sentence by the author and juvenile court judge, Gail Garinger, he explains why he believes, kids should not get sentenced to life in prison and tried as an adult. Approximately seventy nine young adolescents have been sentenced to die in prison nationwide. These teenagers should not be judged by their crime first but rather the scenario, because theres always three sides to a story that the judge needs to hear. These include the victims point of view, the teens point of view, and the truth of the whole situation. When giving a person a sentencing in general, the court system needs to take into consideration the age, mental state, and who the person committing the crime is as a person. Deciding on whether or not to make the life sentence applicable to minors should depend on the specific situation. Everybody makes mistakes and it is not fair that in some cases the judges do not take the childs life into consideration. Some these teens can change their lives completely if the court system gives them a second chance and gives them a minor punishment so they can learn their lesson from the whole situation. Garinger also states in the article that young people are biologically different than adults meaning that their minds are not fully developed to be trialed in court as an adult. While adolescents can be held accountable for their actions, scientific information demonstrates that they can not fairly be held accountable to the same extent as adults. Studies by the Harvard Medical School, the National Institute of Mental Health and the UCLAs Department of Neuroscience finds that the frontal and prefrontal lobes of the brain, which regulate impulse control and judgment, are not fully developed in adolescents. These findings confirm that adolescents generally have a greater tendency towards impulsivity, making unsound judgments or reasoning, and are less aware of the consequences of their actions. Structurally the brain continues to be growing and maturing throughout adolescence, starting its final stages at sixteen or seventeen. Some researchers say that growth maxes out at age twenty. Others, like Jay Giedd of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, contemplate whether twenty five is the age at that brain maturation peaks.Various forms of brain scans and anatomic dissections show that as teens age, disordered-looking neuron cell bodies called substantia grisea recede, and neuron projections lined in a very protecting fatty sheath, known as substantia alba, take over. In 1999, Giedd and colleagues showed that just before puberty, kids have a growth spurt of substantia grisea. This is followed by huge pruning within which about one hundred forty five of substantia grisea is pared down every year during the kids years, while the overall volume of substantia alba ramps up. This method is believed to form the brains neural connections for adulthood, based on e xperience. Not just that but according to Giedd the prefrontal cortex which controls impulse and reasoning also grows with the substantia grisea. A study done in 2001 at the University of California Los Angeles, states quite a few hypotheses, that have been postulated for why juveniles may engage in impulsive and risky behaviors. Accounts of Juvenile trials suggest that it is a period of development associated with progressively greater efficiency of cognitive control capacities. This efficiency in cognitive control is described as dependent on maturation of the prefrontal cortex which has yet to mature. This basic function controls reasoning and emotions. Improved cognitive control with development of the prefrontal cortex is consistent with a increase in this ability from childhood to adulthood. Without proper cognitive function a person can make a stupid mistake without thinking of the consequence. Culpability of juveniles and whether their brains are as capable of impulse control, decision-making, and reasoning as adult brains are, is what should be focused on when you try a child as an adult states law professor Steven Drizin of Northwestern University in Chicago. And to answer whether or not a juvenile has the same capable impulse control and decision making as an adult brain does the answer is no. The brains prefrontal cortex, which allows restraint over hasty behavior, doesnt begin to mature until 17 years of age, states Ruben Gur of the University of Pennsylvania. The very part of the brain that is judged by the legal system process comes on board late. Choices and actions observed during adolescence represent an inflection in development that is unique from either childhood or adulthood stated by the National Center for Health Statistics on juvenile behavior and mortality. If cognitive control and an immature prefrontal cortex were the basis for bad choice behavior alone, then children should look remarkably similar or presumably worse than adolescents, This alone proves that a kid is a kid, because a kid does not think, they act with their emotions. But I do understand how hard it would be to link the changes in the teenage brain, with legal or moral accountability is tough. Paul Thompson a professor of neurology claimed Even though normal teens are experiencing a wildfire of tissue loss in their brains, that does not remove their accountability.(Paul Thompson) What we can infer from this is that there are parts of the frontal lobes that allows reckless actions restructure themselves with startling speed in the teen years. With th is information on teen brains we can can see that teens need all the help they can get to steer onto the right path in these very difficult times. Even though there seems to be a lot of facts of why an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex in teens should allow them a certain amount of leaniacy, some people believe that even though an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex may limit reasoning it still does not erase accountability toward those crimes. For example Jennifer Jenkins, President of the National Organization of Victims of Juvenile Lifers wrote an article called Punishment on Teen Killers. She argues that brain development is not the reason why teens commit violent crimes. She is also against advocates that are against juvenile life without parole or JLWOP. She also believes that these kids know fully well what they are doing and should not have any leniency because of their age. It is important to keep the teenage brains in mind when we as a society decide how poor decisions should be punished.If brain development were the reason, then teens would kill at roughly the same rates all over the world. They do not. Advocates often r epeat, but truly misunderstand brain research on this issue.(Jenkins) But maybe its not the most important factor in how those decisions get made in the first place. For example ones economic standing and home life and life may be a reason to turn to crime. The results of a new study by Mike Males from the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice support the argument that teenage poverty, and teenage biology, is most to blame for teenage crime. Males looked into more than 50,000 homicides in California from 1991 to 2002. As one would expect, teenagers perpetrated more of the homicides than other age groups, but only when he did not control for poverty. When he did control for poverty, teenagers committed more crimes than other age groups only in high-poverty areas. In the areas where teenagers had as much money as other middle-aged people, they tended to commit fewer violent crimes. And in the areas where middle-aged people had as little money as other teenagers, those middle-aged people tended to commit just as many violent crimes. In other words, financially secure teens act as responsibly as stereotypical middle-aged people; and poor middle-aged people act as recklessly as stereotypical teens. The financial situations of the would be perpetrators had a lot bigger impact than what age they were at the time. And that impact was huge: The homicide rate among the poorest teenagers Males looked at was eighteen times higher than it was among the wealthiest. We can infer that when teenagers are stressing about money they will try something reckless in order to become financially sound. Economic standing is not the only other factor to why juveniles go into a life of crime it is also cause by problems a t home. Teenagers need their peers love, affection and care more than anything else. Cholee Clay, a person working in Criminal justice and volunteers in juvenile group homes states neglected teens are more prone to become criminals, as the lack of love and affection they feel they deserved from the family makes them angry and violent. They channelize their negative energy in committing crimes. Some new research suggests an association between childhood abuse and later involvement in delinquency. A study done by Carolyn Smith and Terence P. Thornberry, both professors of Criminal Justice, examines this issue using official and self?report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study. This analysis addresses three central issues: the significance of the relationship between early child abuse and later delinquency, official and self?reported; the possibility of spuriousness in this relationship; and the impact of more extensive measurement of abuse on later delinquency. A significant relationship between child abuse and self?reported and official delinquency is found and this relationship.(Smith) Especially for more serious forms of delinquency, remains when controlling for other factors. As a results we can see that the more extensive the abuse is, the higher the rates are for delinquency. Of these reports, about one in four, or 9.2 per 1,000 children, are substantiated f or abuse or neglect perpetrated by a caregiver (Barboza). This elevated rate of proof is alarming given previous research showing that children who experience abuse and neglect have an increased risk of poor behavioral outcomes, such as externalizing and internalizing behavior and juvenile delinquency, and are more likely to be involved in the criminal justice system As one can see juvenile crimes are not solely based on the the brains prefrontal cortex being under developed, it is also based on the idea that each child has their own reasons why they do a certain act. Maybe because they arent financially sound or they are being abused at home, everyone has their own problems. And while sending juveniles to a juvenile detional facility may be the only choice to give these teens it may not be the best.

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Frameworks - Sustainable and Financial Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Frameworks, Sustainable and Financial Innovation. Answer: Introduction Organizational culture is a system of assumptions, values and beliefs undertaken by the members through mutual experience and thought procedure. Culture of an organization is valuable in term of enforcing strategy and formulating plans. Cultural analysis is important in terms of focusing on the strategies and business environment while enumerating policies. Barclays is Britains second largest bank undergoing cultural changes. This case study is based on analyzing Cultural Web model given by Johnson to enumerate culture of the organization (Model, 2015). Organizational culture plays a major role in framing organizational strategic decisions. The analysis is necessary to formulate the strategy for Barclays. Cultural analysis helps managers to encourage the employees to achieve high goals. Before 2012 the culture of Barclays was considered as a culture of gaming or bonus. The managers while setting the budget considers the high bonuses for the employees. This helped the organization in understanding the cultural background of Barclays and helped in finding aspects of the existing culture while enabling future strategy. The bank suffered international criticism due to its bonus culture. The bonus culture has dominated the industry for a quiet long time. This has determined the attitude of the employees but hinders implementation of new strategy. It is advised to take serious measures while abandoning old practices and adopting new without resistance (Cervellati, Piras, and Scialanga). Cultural web model Cultural web model helps in managing the challenges with the help of suitable strategy. The Routines and Control System of Barclays helped in understanding the issues. Barclays employees main aim is to run process to clear and settle transactions. Their day includes managing correct document and report the transactions and investigating breakage in the cash account. The employees are working day and night to make profit for Barclays. The control system of the Bank refers to the reward system given by the bank to the employees in order to motivate them (Polke, 2012). The bonus of the employees depends upon their performance. High performance is equal to high bonuses.. The employees are even using unethical measures to attain high bonus. Hence it is evident that Barclays requires hard-working and high performance from employees to achieve high end process (Ireland.et al, 2012). Cultural web model is a comprehensive assessment used by Barclays to define its limitations. Every individual has different perception regarding the culture. It is recommended to assess the issues in advance and to analyze it in group to each other while interpreting the significant result (Car, 2016; Wendt, 2015). Problems and issues faced by the bank The major issue faced by Barclays before 2012 was due to gaming at Barclays. The organization is based on disbursement of excess bonuses. The case study suggests that Barclays major issue is due to its culture. The company is paying unjustifiable bonuses to its employees. Moreover employees are focused on earning bonuses no matter whether its ethical or unethical. This has created a global tension in the banking sectors. Employees are opting for wrongful mean to earn bonuses that was based upon engaging more clientele base (Myners, 2012). From past 20 years Barclays has been working aggressively to outperform. They have developed a consistent focused program to enhance employees productivity. Another problem faced by the organization as per the given case study is an average career pattern for the employees. The employees do not get appreciation at work place which is causing accumulated pressure on them.. There are no set standards mentioned by the company to make business. Employees are using asymmetrical means to conduct business. Under such a situation it has become difficult for the other companies in the market to serve the purpose (Williams, 2016). Barclays has a culture of fierce tribal bonding. People who are working for Barclays are primarily driven by money but they are afraid of being powerless. It is one of the special requirements while working with a banking company. Job security is one of the major issues at Barclay. People who are not performing well are fired from the job. This has created a sense of fear in the mind of the employees. They are forced to perform well either through ethical or unethical mean. Bob diamond is known to imbibe Wall Street values in the internal culture of the Barclays. It has caused rigorous competitive environment both internally and externally. They believe in taking extreme risk for the purpose to retrieve maximum profit. They believe in generating huge profit for the traders as well. Barclays is being accused of using unethical ways to evade taxation obligation. They have been accused on incorporating capital market tax planning system for the purpose of tax avoidance. This has caused arrival of tensed environment not internally but externally as well (Salz and Collins,2013). Recommendations Barclays should take measures while contributing to an effective regulatory system. They should ensure implementation of business standards across all its business functions. Barclays need to keep a consistent and clear approach while operating business functions through performance management and reward system. It is the duty of the board to promote and safeguard the trust of people in the organization. It is necessary to build trust of every individual related to the organization by reporting regularly its objectives. Leaders should support the business standards of Barclays by reflecting its ambition among its peer organizations. The senior leadership team has a duty to promote the idea of the organization in the manner it help the organization to enhance productivity. It needs to keep a transparent approach while communicating business. It needs to keep a high standard while communicating with the customers. the value of an organization exists in meeting customer's expectation it should publish data stating the internal and external progress to the customers. Barclays should promote learning programmes to encourage frequent discussion by imbibing values among staff with a focus to resolve the issues. Senior management should actively participate in addressing the issues carefully to the participant. Progress of the organization needs to be managed carefully by building an ethical environment. These discussions need to be tailored as per the necessity. Barclays should speak its progress with openness in order to gain support from the public(Elliott, 2016). Conclusion Barclays should state the global code of conduct that should be based on the statement of value and purpose by stating the high standard to the employees. This will help the board to challenge the performance of the management more effectively. Strong risk management system will ensure great level of understanding (Aldrick, 2013). There is a necessity to keep a check over the unethical practices in order to set an example for the society. Barclays model is based on bonus system which is affecting the overall banking system. It has already hampered the values of the organization to a great extent. Hence it is recommended to build an atmosphere that fosters ethical value system. Strict regulatory measures need to be taken in order to keep a check as mentioned in the case study that Bonuses and Gaming at Barclays Bank is Turing out to be a threat for the future of the banking business. It is advised to keep a check in order to manage the internal and external disturbances (Barclays: ban king on cultural change,2016). Refrences Aldrick,P. 2013. (Online). How it all went wrong at Barclays Available at: .https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9969642/How-it-all-went-wrong-at-Barclays.html Accessed on : 20 December 2016 Barclays: banking on cultural change,2016.(Online). Available at: https://www.hermes-investment.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/T3852_ESG_Case_Study_Barclays_BIC.pdf Accessed on : 20 December 2016 Car, R., 2016. The Libor Case: A Focus on Barclays. InManaging Reputation in The Banking Industry(pp. 59-78). Springer International Publishing. Cervellati, E.M., Piras, L. and Scialanga, M., Corporate Culture and Frauds: A Behavioral Finance Analysis of the Barclays-LIBOR Case.CORPORATE OWNERSHIP CONTROL, p.447. Elliott, D.2016. (Online). Barclays Need for a Culture Change .Available at: https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/03/barclays-need-for-a-culture-change/?_r=0 Accessed on : 20 December 2016 Ireland,R. et al.2012,Understanding Business Strategy Concepts Plus, Cengage Learning Model, C.W., 2015. Cultural analysis and strategy formulation. Myners, P.2012.Online. Barclays' corporate culture showed complete disregard for honesty .Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jun/30/barclays-corporate-culture-disregard-honesty Accessed on: 20 December 2016 Polke,C.2012. Business Strategy in the Online Industry: Market and Network Strategy in Multi-Layered Industries,Springer Science Business Media Salz, A. and Collins, R., 2013. An independent review of Barclays business practices.Online. Available at: https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/SalzReview04032013.pdf Accessed on : 20 December 2016 Wendt,K.2015. Responsible Investment Banking: Risk Management Frameworks, Sustainable Financial Innovation and Softlaw Standards,Springer Williams,C.2016. MGMT, Cengage Learning